<p>About the Authors xix</p> <p>List of Contributors xxi</p> <p>Foreword xxvii</p> <p>Preface xxix</p> <p>Acknowledgments xxxiii</p> <p><b>Section 1 Reliability Principles and Applications 1</b></p> <p><b>1 Basic Principles and Scientific Importance of Reliability Theory 3</b><br /><i>Aanchal Verma, Akanksha Singh S. Vardhan, Vanitha Bagana, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 3</p> <p>1.2 Basic Concept of Reliability Engineering 4</p> <p>1.3 Scientific Importance of Reliability in Modern Technology 6</p> <p>1.4 Basic Concept of Probability Theory 7</p> <p>1.5 Basic Concepts of System Reliability 9</p> <p>1.6 Conclusion 17</p> <p><b>2 Bayesian Approach for Reliability Evaluation and Remaining Useful Life Prediction 19</b><br /><i>Debasis Jana, Suprakash Gupta, and Deepak Kumar</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 19</p> <p>2.2 Bayesian Network 20</p> <p>2.3 Bayesian Reliability 22</p> <p>2.4 Application of BN in Reliability and Remaining Useful Life 23</p> <p>2.5 Dynamic Bayesian Networks 26</p> <p>2.6 Advantages and Limitations of BN and DBN 27</p> <p>2.7 Conclusion 28</p> <p><b>3 Evaluation of Basic Reliability Indices Using State Enumeration Method 31</b><br /><i>Rajesh Arya, Chandrima Roy, Atul Koshti, Ramesh C. Bansal, and Liladhar Arya</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 31</p> <p>3.2 Markov Process 31</p> <p>3.3 Solution of State Equations 34</p> <p>3.4 Functions of a Single Component’s Availability and Unavailability 37</p> <p>3.5 Two-Component State Model and State Probabilities 38</p> <p>3.6 Three-Component State Transition Diagram 40</p> <p>3.7 Concept of Frequency and Mean Duration 41</p> <p>3.8 Frequency of Combined Events 42</p> <p>3.9 State Enumeration Technique for Obtaining Frequency-Duration (FD) 44</p> <p>3.10 Conclusion 49</p> <p><b>4 Methodologies for Reliability Evaluation of Network 51</b><br /><i>Rajesh Arya, Atul Koshti, Aanchal Verma, Baseem Khan, and Liladhar Arya</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 51</p> <p>4.2 Series Network 51</p> <p>4.3 Parallel Network 53</p> <p>4.4 Partially Redundant System 56</p> <p>4.5 Reliability Evaluation of Complex Networks 57</p> <p>4.6 Determination of Tie-Sets 63</p> <p>4.7 Method of Obtaining Cut-Set 65</p> <p>4.8 Multistate Model 66</p> <p>4.9 Illustrative Examples 68</p> <p>4.10 Conclusions 72</p> <p><b>5 Probabilistic Approach for Standby and Load-Sharing System Reliability Evaluation 75</b><br /><i>Rajesh Arya, R. K. Saket, Atul Koshti, Saad Mekhilef, and Pradeep Purey</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 75</p> <p>5.2 Reliability Evaluation Under Ideal Condition 75</p> <p>5.3 Standby System Reliability Evaluation Under Nonideal Condition 78</p> <p>5.4 Reliability Evaluation of Load-Sharing System (Endrenyi 1978) 81</p> <p>5.5 Illustrative Examples 83</p> <p>5.6 Conclusion 88</p> <p><b>Section 2 Reliability-Based Systems Design 91</b></p> <p><b>6 Physical Reliability Methods and Design for System Reliability 93</b><br /><i>Smriti Singh, Jyoti Maurya, Eram Taslima, Bharat B. Sagar, and R. K. Saket</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 93</p> <p>6.2 Reliability Methods 94</p> <p>6.3 Design Analysis and Process 105</p> <p>6.4 Conclusions 110</p> <p><b>7 Design for Maintainability and Availability Analysis for System Design 113</b><br /><i>Jyoti Maurya, Om P. Bharti, K. S. Anand Kumar, and R. K. Saket</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 113</p> <p>7.2 Elements of Maintainability 114</p> <p>7.3 Availability of the Systems 120</p> <p>7.4 Conclusion 123</p> <p><b>8 Genetic Algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks in Reliability-Based Design Optimization 125</b><br /><i>Heeralal Gargama, Sanjay Kumar Chaturvedi, and Rajiv Nandan Rai</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 125</p> <p>8.2 Reliability-based Design 127</p> <p>8.3 RBDO Methodology Using PSF and ANNs 134</p> <p>8.4 Conclusion 137</p> <p>8.A Evaluation of Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness 138</p> <p><b>9 Parametric Estimation Models for Minimal and Imperfect Maintenance 143</b><br /><i>Rajiv Nandan Rai, Sanjay Kumar Chaturvedi, and Heeralal Gargama</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 143</p> <p>9.2 Maintenance Actions on Maintained Systems 145</p> <p>9.3 Classifications of Imperfect Maintenance Categories 146</p> <p>9.4 Parametric Reliability Estimation Models for Maintained Systems 149</p> <p>9.5 NHPP: Illustrative Example 153</p> <p>9.6 Generalized Renewal Process 156</p> <p>9.7 GRP: Illustrative Examples 161</p> <p>9.8 Conclusion 164</p> <p><b>Section 3 Reliability Analysis of Transmission Systems 167</b></p> <p><b>10 Transmission System Reliability Evaluation Including Security 169</b><br /><i>Pushpendra Singh, Rajesh Arya, Lakhan Singh Titare, Mohd. Tauseef Khan, and Sharat Chandra Choube</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 169</p> <p>10.2 Problem Formulation 171</p> <p>10.3 Monte Carlo Simulation for Evaluation of the Security Index: With and Without Considering the Absence of Transmission Lines 172</p> <p>10.4 Evaluation of the Load Flow’s Minimal Eigenvalue Jacobian 174</p> <p>10.5 Evaluation of Schur’s Inequality 175</p> <p>10.6 Evaluation of the PSI and the Cut-set Approach 175</p> <p>10.7 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) Assessment of Probabilistic Insecurity 177</p> <p>10.8 Results and Discussions 178</p> <p>10.9 Conclusions 190</p> <p>10.A.1 Data for IEEE six-bus, seven-line test system (100MVA Base) 191</p> <p>10.A.2 Data for IEEE 14-bus, 20-line system (100MVA Base) 192</p> <p>10.A.3 Data for IEEE 25-bus, 35 line system (100MVA Base) 194</p> <p><b>11 Probabilistic Voltage Security Assessment and Enhancement Using Rescheduling of Reactive Power Control Variables 199</b><br /><i>Lakhan Singh Titare, Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, Liladhar Arya, and Devkaran Sakravdia</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 199</p> <p>11.2 Computation of Probabilistic Insecurity Index (PII) Using Cut-set Technique 201</p> <p>11.3 Computation of Probabilistic Insecurity Index (PII) Sensitivity using ANN 202</p> <p>11.4 Voltage Security Enhancement using a Monovariable Approach 205</p> <p>11.5 Results and Discussion 206</p> <p>11.6 Conclusions 214</p> <p><b>Section 4 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Systems 217</b></p> <p><b>12 Modern Aspects of Probabilistic Distributions for Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems 219</b><br /><i>Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, Aanchal Verma, Jyotsna Ogale, R. K. Saket, and Stuart Galloway</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 219</p> <p>12.2 Life Distribution of Power Components: An Overview 220</p> <p>12.3 Failure Distribution Functions for Reliability Evaluation 227</p> <p>12.4 Use of Exponential Model to Evaluate Reliability and MTBF 232</p> <p>12.5 Probabilistic Methods For Reliability Evaluation 233</p> <p>12.6 Additional Solved Examples 242</p> <p>12.7 Conclusion 244</p> <p><b>13 Reliability Enhancement of Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Active Distributed Generations 247</b><br /><i>Kalpesh B. Kela, Bhavik N. Suthar, Smriti Singh, Rajesh Arya, and Liladhar Arya</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 247</p> <p>13.2 Electrical Distribution Reliability Indices: Customer and Energy Based 249</p> <p>13.3 Defining the Problem 250</p> <p>13.4 The Flower Pollination Algorithm Overview 253</p> <p>13.5 Solution Approach 254</p> <p>13.6 Discussions and Outcomes 258</p> <p>13.7 Conclusion 261</p> <p><b>14 Reliability Enhancement Strategy for Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Reward and Penalty 267</b><br /><i>Kalpesh B. Kela, Bhavik N. Suthar, Liladhar Arya, and Rajesh Arya</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 267</p> <p>14.2 Reward and Penalty System (RPS) 269</p> <p>14.3 Problem Identification 271</p> <p>14.4 Rao Algorithms: An Overview 273</p> <p>14.5 Steps to Solve the Problem 274</p> <p>14.6 A Discussion of the Findings 274</p> <p>14.7 Conclusion 281</p> <p><b>15 Reliability Analysis of Composite Distribution System Using Frequency Duration Concept 285</b><br /><i>Atul Koshti, Eram Taslima, Pradeep Purey, Liladhar Arya, and Sharat C. Choube</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 285</p> <p>15.2 Components Modeling in Composite Distribution System (CDS) 286</p> <p>15.3 Frequency-Duration Concept for Reliability Indices Evaluation 286</p> <p>15.4 MCS-Based Reliability Indices Evaluation of CDS 288</p> <p>15.5 Result and Discussion 289</p> <p>15.6 Illustrative Examples 290</p> <p>15.7 Conclusions 298</p> <p><b>Section 5 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Systems Integrated With Renewable Energy Systems 301</b></p> <p><b>16 Reliability Assessment of Distribution Systems Integrated with Renewable Energy Systems 303</b><br /><i>Sachin Kumar, Sandeep Kumar, Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 303</p> <p>16.2 Reliability Functions 305</p> <p>16.3 Renewable Energy Sources 307</p> <p>16.4 Optimization and Control 313</p> <p>16.5 Case Study 315</p> <p>16.6 Challenges and Future Directions 320</p> <p>16.7 Conclusion 323</p> <p><b>17 Reliability Evaluation and Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic Energy Systems for Rural Electrification Using Markov Process 325</b><br /><i>Santosh S. Raghuwanshi, Smriti Singh, Akanksha Singh S. Vardhan, Rajesh Arya, and R. K. Saket</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 325</p> <p>17.2 Reliability Indices 326</p> <p>17.3 Markov Process 327</p> <p>17.4 Reliability of the System 329</p> <p>17.5 Conclusion 338</p> <p><b>18 Probabilistic Distribution and Monte Carlo Approach for Reliability Evaluation of SEIG-Based Micro Hydro Power Generation System 341</b><br /><i>Lokesh Varshney, Kanhaiya Kumar, Gautam Singh Dohare, Udaya M. Bhaskara Rao, and Jitendra Singh Shakya</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 341</p> <p>18.2 Residual Magnetism in SEIG: Restoration and Loss 342</p> <p>18.3 Problems with SEIG Excitation Failure in RE Systems 343</p> <p>18.4 SEIG Tests with Lowest Capacitive Excitation 343</p> <p>18.5 Rotor Core Magnetization of SEIG Reliability Assessment Using Least Capacitor Score 344</p> <p>18.6 Discussion and Outcomes 349</p> <p>18.7 Conclusion 350</p> <p><b>19 Reliability and Mean Life Assessment of Solar Panel by Cooling 353</b><br /><i>Rahul Agrawal, Jyotsna Ogale, Nga T. T. Nguyen, R. K. Saket, and Joydeep Mitra</i></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 353</p> <p>19.2 Methodology 355</p> <p>19.3 Reliability Assessment 365</p> <p>19.4 Probability Density Function 369</p> <p>19.5 Cumulative Distribution Function 371</p> <p>19.6 Results 378</p> <p>19.7 Conclusion 378</p> <p><b>20 Reliability Assessment of Different Topologies in Photovoltaic System 381</b><br /><i>Laxman Chaudhary, Aanchal Verma, Ramesh C. Bansal, and R. K. Saket</i></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 381</p> <p>20.2 Reliability Modeling of PV Topology 385</p> <p>20.3 Estimation of Failure Rate 387</p> <p>20.4 Reliability Estimation Using RBD 388</p> <p>20.5 Results 400</p> <p>20.6 Conclusions 405</p> <p><b>Section 6 Reliability Analysis of Power Electronics Components and Systems for Modern Power System Applications 409</b></p> <p><b>21 Reliability Evaluation of Power Electronics Converters for Modern Power System Applications 411</b><br /><i>Amit Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Sunil K. Singh, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar</i></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 411</p> <p>21.2 Failures in Power Electronics Converters 412</p> <p>21.3 Estimation and Monitoring of Junction Temperature 414</p> <p>21.4 Reliability of a Modern Power System 420</p> <p>21.5 Challenges and Future Directions 424</p> <p><b>22 Reliability Assessment of Sub-components of Electric Vehicle for Performance Enhancement Grid Integrated Power System 427</b><br /><i>Saumya Singh, Dhawal Dwivedi, Sandeep K. Soni, R. K. Saket, and Dwarkadas P. Kothari</i></p> <p>22.1 Introduction 427</p> <p>22.2 Electric Vehicles and Grid Integration 428</p> <p>22.3 Sub-components of EVs 431</p> <p>22.4 Reliability Assessment Techniques in EVs 435</p> <p>22.5 Evaluation of Distribution Systems Reliability with Integrated EVs 443</p> <p>22.6 Conclusion 448</p> <p><b>23 Reliability Assessment of Multilevel Inverter for Modern Power System Applications 451</b><br /><i>Saumya Singh, Dhawal Dwivedi, Kumari Sarita, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar</i></p> <p>23.1 Introduction 451</p> <p>23.2 Reliability Assessment Techniques 453</p> <p>23.3 Types of Multilevel Inverters (MLIs) 456</p> <p>23.4 Comparative Reliability Assessment of MLIs 463</p> <p>23.5 Conclusion 464</p> <p><b>24 Reliability Aspects in Snubber Circuit for Industrial Power Applications 467</b><br /><i>Dhawal Dwivedi, Saumya Singh, Kumari Sarita, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar</i></p> <p>24.1 Introduction 467</p> <p>24.2 Passive Snubber Circuit 468</p> <p>24.3 Selection of Turn-OFF Snubber 469</p> <p>24.4 Design of a Discharge-Suppressing RCD Snubber 471</p> <p>24.5 Simulation Results of RCD Snubber 472</p> <p>24.6 Reliability Aspects in Snubber Design for Industrial Power Applications 476</p> <p>24.7 Conclusion 478</p> <p><b>25 Reliability Assessment of Power Electronics Devices and Systems for Modern Power Applications 481</b><br /><i>Jyoti Maurya, Saumya Singh, Sachin Kumar, P. Sanjeevikumar, and R. K. Saket</i></p> <p>25.1 Introduction 481</p> <p>25.2 Concept of PEDS Reliability in Modern Power System 483</p> <p>25.3 V-Shape Model-Based Reliability Assessment in PEDS 486</p> <p>25.4 Converter Reliability Modeling 489</p> <p>25.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 492</p> <p><b>26 Reliability Aspects in the Design and Development of Microgrids 493</b><br /><i>Amit Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz, R. K. Saket, and D. P. Kothari</i></p> <p>26.1 Introduction 493</p> <p>26.2 Architecture and Operation of Microgrid 494</p> <p>26.3 Microgrid Control Strategies 496</p> <p>26.4 Reliability Aspects in Microgrid Planning and Design 499</p> <p>26.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 504</p> <p>References 505</p> <p>Abbreviations 507</p> <p>Notations 513</p> <p>Index 525</p>